Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)

It is a centrally sponsored scheme of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, for the development of secondary education in public schools throughout India. It was launched in March 2009. The implementation of the scheme has started from 2009-2010 to provide conditions for an efficient growth, development and equity for all. The scheme includes a multidimensional research, technical consulting, various implementations and funding support.The principal objectives are to enhance quality of secondary education and increase the total enrollment rate from 52% (as of 2005–2006) to 75% in five years, i.e. from 2009–2014.It aims to provide universal education for all children between 15–16 years of age.[3] The funding from the central ministry is provided through state governments, which establish separate implementing agencies
The objectives of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan can be summarised as follows:[3]

To improve quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms.

To remove gender, socio-economic and disability barriers.

Universal access to secondary level education by 2017, i.e., by the end of the XII Five Year Plan.

Universal retention by 2020.

RMSA is planned to promote secondary education by establishing in every target school the following infrastructure:

Additional class rooms
Laboratories
Libraries
Art and crafts room
Toilet blocks
Drinking water provisions
Residential hostels for teachers in remote areas
In addition it aims to provide additional teachers to reduce student-teacher to 30:1, focus on science, mathematics and English education, in-service training of teachers, science laboratories, ICT-enabled education, curriculum reforms, and teaching-learning reforms

Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

It is a holistic scheme of development for higher education in India initiated in 2013 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. The centrally sponsored scheme aims at providing strategic funding to higher educational institutions throughout the country. Funding is provided by the central ministry through the state governments and union territories (UT), which in coordination with the central Project Appraisal Board will monitor the academic, administrative and financial advancements taken under the scheme. A total of 316 state public universities and 13,024 colleges will be covered under it.
RUSA aims to provide equal development to all higher institutions and rectify weaknesses in the higher education system. Its target achievement is to raise the gross enrolment ratio to 32% by the end of XII Plan in 2017. The major objectives are to:

*improve the overall quality of existing state institutions by ensuring that all institutions conform to prescribed norms and standards and adopt accreditation as a mandatory quality assurance framework.
*usher transformative reforms in the state higher education system by creating a facilitating institutional structure for planning and monitoring at the state level, promoting autonomy in state universities and improving governance in institutions.
*ensure academic and examination reforms in the higher educational institutions.
*enable conversion of some of the universities into research universities at par with the best in the world.
*create opportunities for states to undertake reforms in the affiliation system in order to ensure that the reforms and resource requirements of affiliated colleges are adequately met.
*ensure adequate availability of quality faculty in all higher educational institutions and ensure capacity building at all levels of employment.
*create an enabling atmosphere in the higher educational institutions to devote themselves to research and innovations.
*expand the institutional base by creating additional capacity in existing institutions and establishing new institutions, in order to achieve enrolment targets.
*correct regional imbalances in access to higher education by facilitating access to high quality institutions in urban and semi-urban areas, creating opportunities for students from rural areas to get access to better quality institutions and setting up institutions in un-served and underserved areas.
*improve equity in higher education by providing adequate opportunities of higher education to SC/STs and socially and educationally backward classes; promote inclusion of women, minorities, and differently abled persons.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching

The proposed Mission is envisaged to address comprehensively all issues
related to teachers, teaching, teacher preparation and professional development.
The Mission would address, on the one hand, current and urgent issues such as
supply of qualified teachers, attracting talent into teaching profession and raising the
quality of teaching in schools and colleges. On the other, it is also envisaged that the
Teacher Mission would pursue long term goal of building a strong professional cadre
of teachers by setting performance standards and creating top class institutional
facilities for innovative teaching and professional development of teachers.
The Mission would focus in a holistic manner dealing with the whole sector of
education without fragmenting the programmes based on levels and sectors as
school, higher, technical etc. It is considered that programmes dealing with teachers
in all sectors and levels of education should grow and function in a mutually
supportive manner. It will try to bridge the gap between teachers and teacher
educators and provide opportunities for teachers to become teacher educators.
The Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and
Teaching (PMMMNMTT) is a Central sector Scheme with All- India coverage. This
scheme will commence in 2014-15 for a period of three years i.e. from 2014-15 to
2016-17 during XII Plan.
The Government of India is mandated to launch a Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching with the following goals:
 To ensure a coordinated approach so as to holistically address the various
shortcomings relating to teachers and teaching across the educational spectrum
ranging from school education to higher education including technical education;
using the best international practices for excellence.
 To create and strengthen the institutional mechanisms (Schools of Education,
Institutes of Academic leadership and Education Management, Subject based
networks, Teaching–learning Centres etc.) at the Centre & in the States, for
augmenting training and discipline–wise capacity building of faculty and their
periodic assessment for excellence.
 To empower teachers and faculty during through training, re-training,
refresher and orientation programmes in generic skills, pedagogic skills, discipline 
specific content upgradation, ICT and technology enabled training and other
appropriate interventions.
1.2 Mission Strategies
The Mission goals are sought to be achieved through a combination of:
 Programmatic and scheme based interventions: pre-service & inservice
training through existing and new institutional structures, new academic
programmes & courses, strengthening post-graduate and doctoral programmes, prescheduling
year long training calendars, online training;
 Project based activities: ICT based training, training of Mathematics,
Science, Language teachers for schools, Core science & engineering courses in
technical education, general courses in social sciences, humanities and vocational
courses.
1.3 Outcomes
The proposed Mission will meet the challenges for the teacher education system
arising from the massive expansion of education at all levels ranging from
elementary, secondary, higher, technical and also vocational education and the
consequent corresponding increase in the demand for teachers. New Teacher
education courses will be designed to meet the professional development needs of
teachers and faculty so as to infuse innovation in pedagogy leading to better
learning outcomes. A variety of initiatives will be taken for the professional
development of teacher educators, specifically creating conditions for them to
participate in Refresher Courses and Fellowship Programmes and for curricular
reform in teacher education. A critical component will be to integrate elementary
teacher education with the Higher Education by instituting Schools of Education and
breaking the insularity of elementary teacher development and practices.
1.4 Deliverables
Overall, in terms of numbers, the Mission is intended to achieve the following:
• Over one lakh qualified teachers for schools, general and technical education
colleges and universities across various disciplines;
• Within the one lakh ensure that adequate numbers of SC, ST, OBC, Minorities
and Women are inducted;
• Create a sufficient base of teacher educators and promote excellence in faculty
for academic leadership positions;
• Create around 87 new institutional structures (30 Schools of Education, 50
Centres of Excellence for Curriculum and Pedagogy, 5 institutes of Academic 
8 Leadership & Education Management, 2 Inter University Centres for Teachers
Education;

• Create subject based networks in different disciplines.
1.5 Components
1. Institutional Oriented
 Creation of New Institutional Arrangements
(i) Schools of Education (30 Nos.)
(ii) Centres of Excellence for Curriculum and Pedagogy (50).
(iii) Inter-University Centres for Teacher Education (2)
2. Individual Oriented
(i) Innovations, Awards, Teaching Resource Grant including Workshops and
Seminars
3. Networks and Alliances
(i) Subject Networks for Curricular Renewal and Reforms
(ii) National Resource Centre for Education /Higher Education Academy
4. Academic Leadership
 Institutes of Academic Leadership and Education Management (5 Nos.)